Chapter+Six+Punctuation

 **Chapter 5: Punctuation **

** TABLE OF CONTENTS **

5.1. Punctuating a Series 5.2 The Em Dash 5.3 Typing Dashes in Microsoft Word 2003 5.4. Punctuating Around End Quotes 5.5 End Punctuation for Parenthetical Citations 5.6 Punctuating Academic Degrees  5.7 Commas and Nonrestrictive Clauses 5.8 The Ellipsis  Accuracy and consistency in the punctuation of discursive, narrative, or functional text and citations is crucial to effective written communication, especially in students' coursework and online portfolios. Proper punctuation clarifies meaning and demonstrates the writer's command of written English across genres. This chapter will illustrate several punctuation issues that emerged during the Fall 2008 semester PTC 624 seminar.
 * INTRODUCTION **

 Here a comma follows the penultimate series element and precedes the conjunction. The elements of this series contain internal punctuation—commas—so semicolons are used to separate the elements for ease in identifying the series units.  || The books he used for the assignment were the following: __MLA Handbook for Writers__ of Research Papers, 6th ed.; __Technical Editing__, 4th ed.; and __Webster’s New World Dictionary__, 2nd ed.  || Here, when the long series elements are separated by commas it is hard to distinguish them. Using semicolons enhances their separation within the series and makes the passage easier to read. Source: Back to Top The em dash is a versatile character with several uses. It can even be used to do the same jobs as commas, parentheses, and colons. The em dash is especially useful for showing emphasis or an interruption in thought.
 * 5.1. PUNCTUATING A SERIES **
 * 5.1.1. ** Elements of a series are separated by commas. If the series elements contain internal punctuation, then semicolons should be used to separate them. Also use semicolons to separate series elements that are long and complex. The conjunctions //and// or //or// before the final element should be preceded by a comma or semicolon, depending on which is in use as the series divider. This practice is recommended in the __The Chicago Manual of Style__.
 * **Before Editing ** || **After Editing ** ||
 * The cruise ship will make stops in Miami, Bermuda, Nevis and St. Kitts. || The cruise ship will make stops in Miami, Bermuda, Nevis, and St. Kitts. ||
 * **Before Editing ** || **After Editing ** ||
 * The books he used for the assignment were the following: __MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers__, 6th ed., __Technical Editing__, 4th ed., and __Webster’s New World Dictionary__, 2nd ed.
 * **Before Editing ** || **After Editing ** ||
 * Three barriers to executing the editor’s roles stem from a deficiency in the management of these skills: controlling adversarial interaction between the editor and writer, establishing sufficient knowledge about the target readers of the document, and resolving conflict with the document’s owner over legal and ethical issues. || Three barriers to executing the editor’s roles stem from a deficiency in the management of these skills: controlling adversarial interaction between the editor and writer; establishing sufficient knowledge about the target readers of the document; and resolving conflict with the document’s owner over legal and ethical issues. ||
 * Separate items in a series with commas. Insert a comma just before the conjunction “and” that is followed by the last element in the series (Chicago 6.19).
 * Separate items in a series that contain internal punctuation by using a semicolon. Also, separate elements of a series that are long and complex with a semicolon (Chicago 6.21).
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msoBidiFontFamily: 'Times New Roman'mso-bidi-language">5.2. THE EM DASH **

Her old recipe for cornbread (usually baked with lard) is not recommended for persons with high cholesterol. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Her old recipe for cornbread—usually baked with lard—is not recommended for persons with high cholesterol. || Sources: // For more information: // Back to Top <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Microsoft word provides options for inserting em and en dashes. The following instructions can be found in the Microsoft Word 2003 Help menu:
 * 5.2.1. ** Here the em dash has the effect of emphasizing the main clause by separating it from the introductory phrase.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">In other words, get it in writing. || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">In other words—get it in writing. ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> ||
 * 5.2.2. ** Here a pair of em dashes encloses a parenthetical and thought interrupting element of the sentence. In this case both sentences are correct.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Example 1 ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Example 2 ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">
 * An em dash or a pair of em dashes sets off an amplifying or explanatory elements. (Chicago 6.88)
 * Use dashes or parentheses to enclose a sentence element that interrupts the train of thought (Gibaldi 3.2.5.)
 * The dash (—) can perform all the punctuation duties of linking, separating, and enclosing. See Alred, p.118.
 * Versatility and frequency of use. See Chicago 6.87-6.96
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msoBidiFontFamily: 'Times New Roman'">5.3. TYPING DASHES IN MICROSOFT WORD 2003 **

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Click where you want to insert the special character. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Special Characters tab. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The list starts with the em and en dashes. Double-click the character you want to insert. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Click Close.
 * 5.3.1. ** Insert a Special Character Feature

<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">When you type a space and one or two hyphens, Microsoft Word automatically inserts an en dash ( – ) after you type. If you type two hyphens and do not include a space before the hyphens, then an em dash ( — ) is created. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Follow the instructions below to set up your AutoCorrect option for dashes: <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 1. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">On the Tools menu, click AutoCorrect Options, and then click the AutoFormat As You Type tab. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 2. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Select the Hyphens (--) with dash (—) check box. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 3. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">For example, "See pages 3-10" becomes "See pages 3–10." <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 1. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">On the Tools menu, click AutoCorrect Options, and then click the AutoFormat tab. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 2. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Select the Hyphens (--) with dash (—) check box. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"> 3. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">For example, "Many pines--ponderosa, for example--grow here" becomes "Many pines—ponderosa, for example—grow here." <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Source: __Microsoft Word 2003__ Help Menu <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US">
 * 5.3.2. ** Using AutoCorrect Option to format dashes as you type
 * 5.3.3. ** Format dashes after you type
 * Note: **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> You can undo formatting or turn options on or off by clicking an option on the AutoCorrect Options button. The button first appears as a small, blue box  <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">when you rest the mouse pointer near text that is automatically formatted, and it changes to a button icon when you point to it.

In the notice to employees, the department director wrote, “All timesheets must be completely filled in and submitted by 12:00 p.m. the second Friday of each month”. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">In the notice to employees, the department director wrote, “All timesheets must be completely filled in and submitted by 12:00 p.m. the second Friday of each month.” <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || The suspect was described by the witness as “a giant with a limp”; however, when he was apprehended the suspect turned out to be 5’9” and had no limp. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">What did you do when she shouted, “Drive faster!?” || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">What did you do when she shouted, “Drive faster!”? || Sources: <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"> // For more information: // > > Back to Top > > ** 5.5 END PUNCTUATION FOR PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS ** > > ** 5.5.1.  **  A period always follows a parenthetical citation. > > || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Rude notes that the writer and editor must focus on creating a simple message using controlled terms. (349)  || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Rude notes that the writer and editor must focus on creating a simple message using controlled terms (349). || > || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || > Source: “The parenthetical reference precedes the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the borrowed material” (Rude 6.3). > //For more information:// See Chapter 10 of this Guide for more on quotations.
 * 5.4 PUNCTUATING AROUND END QUOTES **
 * 5.4.1. ** When a quoted passage ends with a period or question mark, place the question mark inside the end quotation mark.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">The title of the article is “Does Your Will Contain These Terrible Errors”? || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">The title of the article is “Does Your Will Contain These Terrible Errors?” ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">
 * 5.4.2.  ** When quoted text within a sentence ends with a comma, place the comma inside the end quotation mark.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">When Christine says, “Code 10”, turn on your screen savers. || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">When Christine says, “Code 10,” turn on your screen savers. ||
 * 5.4.3.  ** When quoted text ends with a colon or semicolon, place them outside the quotation mark.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">The suspect was described by the witness as “a giant with a limp;” however, when he was apprehended the suspect turned out to be 5’9” and had no limp. || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">There are five characters in the short story “Jazz and Drama on the LIE:” Danielle, Quentin, Forest, Liza, and Brett. || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">There are five characters in the short story “Jazz and Drama on the LIE”: Danielle, Quentin, Forest, Liza, and Brett. ||
 * 5.4.4. ** When quoted text ends with a question mark or parenthesis, and those marks are part of the quotation, place them inside the quotation mark.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">She shouted, “Drive faster”! || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">She shouted, “Drive faster!” ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US">When editing for a North American Audience, place quotation marks outside a comma or period but inside a semicolon or colon (Rude 188). <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US">A question mark or exclamation point should be placed inside quotation marks, parentheses, or brackets only when it is part of the quoted <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US">or parenthetical matter (Chicago 6.9).
 * See Chicago 6.9 for more examples.
 * See Chapter 10 of this guide for more on quotations.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||

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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">(Sentence from Exercise 4) || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">“The FDA strongly recommends to parents and caregivers that OTC cough and cold medicines not be used for children younger than two, "Charles Ganley, MD, PhD, told reporters. || Source:  “In conservative practice, periods are added to abbreviations of all academic degrees (B.A., D.D.S., etc.). //Chicago// //now recommends omitting them unless they are required for tradition or consistency.//” (Chicago 15.21). <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US"> Often the relative pronoun **//that//** precedes a restrictive clause, and the relative pronoun **//which//** precedes a nonrestrictive clause. In the following example, the core sentence is “This software is invaluable.” The full sentence retains its meaning without the clause: “commonly understood to be the state-of-the-art for social science research.” This nonrestrictive clause, then, should be enclosed between commas. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">(Sentence from Exercise 6) <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">This software, //which// is commonly understood to be the state-of-the-art for social science research, is invaluable in performing basic and advanced analysis. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || Sources: "A relative clause that could be omitted without essential loss of meaning (a nonrestrictive clause) should be both preceded and (if the sentence continues) followed by a comma. Although "which" can be used restrictively, //many careful writers preserve the distinction between the restrictive// "that" (//no commas) and the nonrestrictive '//which' //(commas)"// (Chicago 6.38). Back to Top <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">“The comments following each item do not attempt to provide rationales. Although much of the suggested hyphenation is logical and aids readability, some is traditional rather than logical.” <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> ||
 * 5.6 PUNCTUATING ACADEMIC DEGREES  **
 * 5.6.1. **  It is not necessary to insert periods in abbreviations of academic degrees.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">“The FDA strongly recommends to parents and caregivers that OTC cough and cold medicines not be used for children younger than two, "Charles Ganley, M.D., Ph.D, told reporters.
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> ||
 * 5.7 COMMAS AND NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES  **
 * 5.7.1. **  Set off a nonrestrictive clause with commas.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">This software //that// is commonly understood to be the state-of-the-art for social science research is invaluable in performing basic and advanced analysis.
 * "In formal usage, //which// and //that//, are distinguished according to whether the clause they begin is restrictive or nonrestrictive. A restrictive clause limits the noun’s meaning and is necessary to the sentence. A nonrestrictive clause provides additional information about the noun, but it does not restrict the meaning of the noun. Some usage specialists specify the use of //that// with a restrictive clause and //which// with a nonrestrictive clause" (Rude 166).
 * 5.8 THE ELLIPSIS **
 * 5.8.1. **  When text is omitted from quoted material, an ellipsis (. . .) is placed in its stead. The ellipsis is made up of three spaced periods. Normally, an ellipsis would not precede the first word of a quotation or follow the last word, even if the beginning or end of the original sentence is omitted.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">“. . . The comments following each item do not attempt to provide rationales. Although much of the suggested hyphenation is logical and aids readability, some is traditional rather than logical.”


 * 5.8.2. **  If the sentence quoted is deliberately incomplete the ellipsis replaces the missing text.
 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Before Editing ** || **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">After Editing ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Please write down the sentence “I think global warming is really happening, because” and then complete it. || <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Please write down the sentence “I think global warming is really happening, because…” and then complete it. ||


 * 5.8.3. ** If the ellipsis mark is placed at the beginning of a quotation that is preceded by a sentence, it will consist of four dots, that is, a period at the end of the preceding sentence, a space, and the three-dot ellipsis mark.
 * 5.8.4 **  If the ellipsis mark is placed at the end of a quoted sentence, again, four dots are used  —  the three dot ellipsis mark followed by a space and a period to close the sentence.


 * **<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria">Example ** ||
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria"> “Cite a book published in a language other than English like any other book. . . .You may need to look in the colophon, at the back of the book. . . . Shorten the publisher’s name appropriately” (Gibaldi, 177). ||

Sources: // For More Information: // There are additional guidelines for using ellipses, such as with the omission of one or more paragraphs within a quotation. Also, there are three methods for working with ellipses. See Chicago 11.51-11.65. Also, see Chapter 10 of this Guide for more information about quotations.
 * An ellipsi//s// —  the omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage  —  is indicated by ellipsis points (or dots), not by asterisks. Ellipsis points are three //spaced// periods (. . .), sometimes preceded or followed by other punctuation (Chicago 11.51).
 * Ellipsis points are normally //not// used (1) before the first word of a quotation, even if the beginning of the original sentence has been omitted; or (2) after the last word of a quotation, even if the end of the original sentence has been omitted, unless the sentence as quoted is deliberately incomplete (Chicago 11.54).
 * The first word after ellipsis points is capitalized if it begins a grammatically complete sentence, even if it was lowercased in the original (Chicago 11.55).

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. __Handbook of Technical Editing__ 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. Gibaldi, Joseph. __MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers__. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. Rude, Carolyn D., David Dayton, and Bruce Maylath. __Technical Editing__. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. __ The Chicago Manual of Style __. 15th Ed. Chicago: U Chicago P, 2007. January 28-31, 2008 [|http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/ home.html]
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msoBidiFontFamily: 'Times New Roman'">Works Cited **

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